Q & A
The following is a list of Q & A, which generated as a result of e-mail exchange b/w myself and an M.Ed. student:
Q. How to Quote from some net articles?
A. Citing Web Pages in APA Style
REFERENCE LIST
Place the list of references cited at the end of the paper. Center the title, References, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin. Indent subsequent line(s). Double-space both within and between entries. List alphabetically by the author's last name. If the author is unknown, alphabetize by title.
General Format: Author. (Publication Date). Web page title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
Author: Usually found at the top or bottom of the web page. Be diligent and search for names. Look for author, editor, compiler, maintained by. If no author is available, start the entry with the title followed by the publication date.
Publication Date: Usually found at the end of the document. Use the last update if available. If not, use the copyright date. If the month and day are given, include them. If a publication date is not available, use n.d. (no date).
Web Page Title: Give the title of the web page here. If you are citing a specific article within a larger web site, give the title of the article and the name of the larger web site. If you are citing an article from an on-line periodical, give the title of the article and the title of the periodical. See examples below.
URL: "Uniform Resource Locator" is the web address of your document. It is found at the top right corner of your printout or in the "Location" bar on your web browser. Take care in transcribing the URL. Copying and pasting is recommended. Whenever possible, the URL should take the reader directly to the document you are citing. If this is not possible, the URL should take the reader as close to the document as possible.
Examples:
Web page authored by an organization. n.d. indicates that no publication date is available.
Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues.
(n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://
www.familymealtime.org
Web page without an author. The long URL is broken after a slash.
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu gvu/users_surveys/survey-1997-10/
Web page is a journal article from an Internet-only journal. The journal title, issue and article number are identified. Article title is not italicized. Journal title is italicized.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://
journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Web page is a document contained within a large Web site. The host organization is identified and followed by a colon.
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F. & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in
new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT
Direct quotes, references to another person's ideas, and paraphrases of someone else's writing must be identified by citations in the text of your paper. (For detailed information on giving credit to your sources, see the APA guide to avoiding plagiarism.)
Your citation enables your reader to identify the source of information in the Reference List at the end of your paper. Use the (author, date) method of citation, and insert the author and date into the text at appropriate points. Reference citations in the text of your paper direct your reader to the full entry in the list of References.General Format:(Author, year, page number if applicable)
Web documents usually don't have page numbers or any kind of section numbering. If your web page lacks numbering, omit numbers from your parenthetical references. If page, section, or paragraph numbering is embedded within the web page, cite the relevant number(s). Page numbers generated by a printout should not be cited, since these numbers will vary in different print-outs.
If your source lacks an author, cite the first word(s) of the title.
If no date is given, place "n.d." after the author’s name.
Examples: Author's name and date are cited, and no page number is availableWhile we think of emotion as linked to action, "the changes sparked by contentment are more cognitive than physical" (Fredrickson, 2000).Author is organization, n.d is used for no date, and no page number is available:Adolescents who participate in regular family meals are better equipped to meet the challenges of growing up in today's society (Greater New Milford Area Health Community Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues, n.d.).Four authors, the date is known. A PDF version of the article was used, so an embedded page number is identified:As a mature and committed professional, the teacher works within "the specific segment of the curricular pie for which he is responsible" (Chou, McClintock, Moretti, Nix, 1993, p. 2).
http://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/webapa.htm#para
Personal communications, such as e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should be referred to in your in-text citations but NOT in your reference list. (For more information, see page 214 of the Publication Manual.) To cite a personal communication such as an interview or an e-mail, provide initials and last name of the communicator, the words personal communication, plus an exact date in the body of your paper.
For example:
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html
Apart from the above mentioned way of quoting personal communication, I have also seen students devising pseudomonas and initials for the teachers (T1), principal (P), students (S1) etc. and using them throughout the dissertation. So the above example can be written as:
A teacher also made a claim during personal communication that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (T1, November 3, 2002).
Sue (pseudonym), a teacher also made a claim during that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (Personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Q. What to do about parenthesis on a reference cited in another book?
A. It depends on your argument. If the text in the parenthesis is supporting your argument, then keep it intact (in the same manner that it has been quoted), or you can omit it and denote the omission through the use of ellipses. According to IED’s APA guide, you use brackets to add your own comments or explanation to the original quotes; meanwhile, parenthesis are supposed to contain material that is a part of the original quote and is to be kept intact.
Q. Once an author is cited, thereafter is the year retained?
A. According to University of Greenwich’s document of “Skills for learning”, when an author’s name is once mentioned in the text, from there onwards, you need not to repeat the name or date/year (but if you are directly quoting the text then the pg number is to be given.). This is appropriate when you are analyzing one or two texts or authors. It should be obvious then, that you are repeatedly quoting from the same source.
The following is a list of Q & A, which generated as a result of e-mail exchange b/w myself and an M.Ed. student:
Q. How to Quote from some net articles?
A. Citing Web Pages in APA Style
REFERENCE LIST
Place the list of references cited at the end of the paper. Center the title, References, an inch from the top of the page. Double-space between the title and the first entry. Begin each entry flush with the left margin. Indent subsequent line(s). Double-space both within and between entries. List alphabetically by the author's last name. If the author is unknown, alphabetize by title.
General Format: Author. (Publication Date). Web page title. Retrieved Month day, year, from URL
Author: Usually found at the top or bottom of the web page. Be diligent and search for names. Look for author, editor, compiler, maintained by. If no author is available, start the entry with the title followed by the publication date.
Publication Date: Usually found at the end of the document. Use the last update if available. If not, use the copyright date. If the month and day are given, include them. If a publication date is not available, use n.d. (no date).
Web Page Title: Give the title of the web page here. If you are citing a specific article within a larger web site, give the title of the article and the name of the larger web site. If you are citing an article from an on-line periodical, give the title of the article and the title of the periodical. See examples below.
URL: "Uniform Resource Locator" is the web address of your document. It is found at the top right corner of your printout or in the "Location" bar on your web browser. Take care in transcribing the URL. Copying and pasting is recommended. Whenever possible, the URL should take the reader directly to the document you are citing. If this is not possible, the URL should take the reader as close to the document as possible.
Examples:
Web page authored by an organization. n.d. indicates that no publication date is available.
Greater New Milford (Ct) Area Healthy Community 2000, Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues.
(n.d.). Who has time for a family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2000, from http://
www.familymealtime.org
Web page without an author. The long URL is broken after a slash.
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu gvu/users_surveys/survey-1997-10/
Web page is a journal article from an Internet-only journal. The journal title, issue and article number are identified. Article title is not italicized. Journal title is italicized.
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being.
Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://
journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Web page is a document contained within a large Web site. The host organization is identified and followed by a colon.
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F. & Nix, D.H. (1993). Technology and education: New wine in
new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University, Institute for Learning Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/newwine1.html
REFERENCE CITATIONS IN TEXT
Direct quotes, references to another person's ideas, and paraphrases of someone else's writing must be identified by citations in the text of your paper. (For detailed information on giving credit to your sources, see the APA guide to avoiding plagiarism.)
Your citation enables your reader to identify the source of information in the Reference List at the end of your paper. Use the (author, date) method of citation, and insert the author and date into the text at appropriate points. Reference citations in the text of your paper direct your reader to the full entry in the list of References.General Format:(Author, year, page number if applicable)
Web documents usually don't have page numbers or any kind of section numbering. If your web page lacks numbering, omit numbers from your parenthetical references. If page, section, or paragraph numbering is embedded within the web page, cite the relevant number(s). Page numbers generated by a printout should not be cited, since these numbers will vary in different print-outs.
If your source lacks an author, cite the first word(s) of the title.
If no date is given, place "n.d." after the author’s name.
Examples: Author's name and date are cited, and no page number is availableWhile we think of emotion as linked to action, "the changes sparked by contentment are more cognitive than physical" (Fredrickson, 2000).Author is organization, n.d is used for no date, and no page number is available:Adolescents who participate in regular family meals are better equipped to meet the challenges of growing up in today's society (Greater New Milford Area Health Community Task Force on Teen and Adolescent Issues, n.d.).Four authors, the date is known. A PDF version of the article was used, so an embedded page number is identified:As a mature and committed professional, the teacher works within "the specific segment of the curricular pie for which he is responsible" (Chou, McClintock, Moretti, Nix, 1993, p. 2).
http://www.lib.wsc.ma.edu/webapa.htm#para
Personal communications, such as e-mail messages to you, or private interviews that you conducted with another person, should be referred to in your in-text citations but NOT in your reference list. (For more information, see page 214 of the Publication Manual.) To cite a personal communication such as an interview or an e-mail, provide initials and last name of the communicator, the words personal communication, plus an exact date in the body of your paper.
For example:
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html
Apart from the above mentioned way of quoting personal communication, I have also seen students devising pseudomonas and initials for the teachers (T1), principal (P), students (S1) etc. and using them throughout the dissertation. So the above example can be written as:
A teacher also made a claim during personal communication that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (T1, November 3, 2002).
Sue (pseudonym), a teacher also made a claim during that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (Personal communication, November 3, 2002).
Q. What to do about parenthesis on a reference cited in another book?
A. It depends on your argument. If the text in the parenthesis is supporting your argument, then keep it intact (in the same manner that it has been quoted), or you can omit it and denote the omission through the use of ellipses. According to IED’s APA guide, you use brackets to add your own comments or explanation to the original quotes; meanwhile, parenthesis are supposed to contain material that is a part of the original quote and is to be kept intact.
Q. Once an author is cited, thereafter is the year retained?
A. According to University of Greenwich’s document of “Skills for learning”, when an author’s name is once mentioned in the text, from there onwards, you need not to repeat the name or date/year (but if you are directly quoting the text then the pg number is to be given.). This is appropriate when you are analyzing one or two texts or authors. It should be obvious then, that you are repeatedly quoting from the same source.
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